MARINE BIOLOGIST
MICROBIOLOGIST
BIOINFOMATICS
BIOCHEMIST
BIOTECHNOLOGIST
GEOGRAPHER
GEOLOGIST
OCEANOGRAPHY
MATHEMATICIAN
STATISTICIAN
ASTRONOMY
CHEMISTRY
NUCLEAR PHYSICIST
PHYSICIST
Marine Biologist
Marine
biologists study salt water organisms. They are also called Biological Oceanographers.
They study marine organisms, their behaviors, and interactions with the marine
environment.
Because there are so many areas one
could study within the field of marine biology, many marine biologists select a
particular interest and specialize in it. Specializations can be based on a
particular species, organism, behavior, technique, or ecosystem. For example,
some marine biologists may choose to study with white sharks, blue whales, or
dolphins.
The emerging field of marine
biotechnology offers great opportunity for marine biologists. Marine
biotechnology research presents a wide range of possibilities and applications.
One focus area is the biomedical field, where scientists develop and test
drugs, many of which come from marine organisms.
Molecular biology is another
related area of specialization in this field. Researchers apply molecular
approaches and techniques to many environments, from coastal ponds to the deep
sea, and many different organisms, from microscopic bacteria, plants, and
animals to marine mammals. For example, molecular biology can be used to
identify the presence of a specific organism in a water sample through the use
of molecular probes. This is very useful when the organism in question is
microscopic.
The study of disease in organisms
is also aided by the use of molecular techniques. Researchers have developed
antibodies that are specific to a particular virus, so that when the virus is
present in the organism, detection and diagnosis is easier and faster.
Likewise, new molecular techniques help scientists identify whether or not an
animal has been exposed to pollutants and, in some cases can determine the
source of those pollutants.
Aquaculture, the farming of finfish,
shellfish, and seaweeds, is another field that has been aided by marine
biotechnology and molecular techniques. Aquaculture is gaining importance in
this country as consumer demand for fish and shellfish becomes greater than can
be met by traditional commercial fishing.
Marine researchers also experiment
with ways to administer drugs to diseased populations of farm-raised fish.
Disease can wipe out an entire crop of farm-raised fish or shellfish due to the
confined setting in which they are raised.
Other popular areas within the
field of marine biology are environmental biology and toxicology. Both of these
areas have direct applications and implications for our society. Examples of
specialities in environmental biology and toxicology include water quality
research and the study of contaminants or pollutants in the coastal or marine
environment. Laws, regulations, and cleanup measures designed to protect the
environment will ensure that marine and environmental biologists and
consultants continue to play an important role in our society.
Another two popular fields of
research involving marine mammals are bioacoustics and vocalization (the study
of marine mammal sounds), and population dynamics (studying marine mammalian
behaviors and responses to environmental conditions as they impact population).
Requirements
* You should have a strong interest
in Biological Science
* You should have an inquisitive and explorative mind
* You should be academically oriented with a strong interest in knowing and learning
various things
* You should have an excellent ability to understand, realize, analyze,
remember and apply scientific facts and theories
* You should be disciplined and hard working
* You should do well in all your examination right from secondary examination
to Master's degree examination scoring at least 60% in aggregate and more than
70% in science subjects.
Job Opportunities
Various government, semi-government
and autonomous research institutions like National Institute of Oceanography
Various universities, deemed
universities and colleges in teaching and research like Indian Institute of
Science, Mumbai University, University of Chennai, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
and Anna University.
You can take up a job as a lecturer
in a college, university or deemed university. As per UGC rules, your next
promotion depends not only on your years of experience in teaching but also on
your research experience.
You can take up a Research
Fellowship in a research organization, university, or deemed university leading
to a Ph.D. degree.
Money & Other Benefits
You will make about Rs 12,000 a
month in the beginning of your career and with some experience it can go up to
Rs 25,000 a month.
Career Prospects
With the progress in Biotechnology,
growing concern about marine pollution, and progress in technology for using
marine resources in various areas in medicine and food technology, career
opportunities for marine biologist are growing. Though the opportunities at
present are mainly in university departments and research organizations,
private sector participation in marine biotechnology is not far away with many
multinational setting up of world class biological research organizations like
Chembiotek in Kolkata. Private sector participation in the field will surely
shot up the opportunities for all the Bioscientists including Marine biologist.
Microbiologist
We are living in a virtual sea full of microorganism
invisible to naked eye and are under continuous attack from them. While some of
the organism benefit us, most of them don't. Instead they try day and night to
inflict diseases on us. That's not all. Some anti social elements use them to
start a biological warfare. Would you like to save mankind from their attack?
Various species of microorganism
like bacteria, virus, fungus, and ameba exist in trillion of numbers. Study of
these microorganisms, vis-à-vis, their life cycle and nature is a specialised
science called Microbiology.
Microbiologists are involved in
extensive research to understand the physiology of microorganisms and the cause
and development of microbial diseases in plants and animals.
Microbiologists study disease
causing microorganism as well as beneficial microorganism. They research the
physiology and genetic profile of microorganism, determine their life cycle,
how do they cause diseases, and how to prevent and cure the diseases. They are
also involved in researching plant and animal diseases and identifying
microorganism responsible for the diseases. They also identify and research medicines
that may cure and prevent the diseases.
Microorganisms also benefit plant
and animal lives and there are quite a large number of them. Researching and
studying their life cycles, physiology, and genetic profile are also the
responsibilities of microbiologists. They research newer ways in which these
beneficial microorganisms can be used for development of drugs, production of
enzymes, food processing and toxic waste disposal.
Microbiologists generally work in
laboratories of university departments, research and development organisations,
government organisations in the health sector, hospitals, and various
industries like food processing, pharmaceutical, agricultural, beverage,
biomedical, bioprocess, diagnostic industry and other related industries. Most
of the laboratories are air-conditioned and the environment inside the
laboratories are aseptic (free of microorganism).
In university departments, you will
work as faculty member (Lecturer, Reader, or Professor), as a Research Assistant
or Research Scholar. In various research organisations, one begins as a
research assistant, research scholar, or junior scientist and then goes on to
become Senior Scientist, Principle Scientist, Project Director or Programme
Director. The pinnacle of your career will be either as the Principle/ Head of
the department in a university or college or as the Director of a research
organisation.
In industries, you may find work in
research and development, analytical, or production departments. Some of the
microbiologists work in marketing department of companies involved in
diagnostic, food processing, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries. Many
of the microbiologists are involved in quality control of food products and
drugs.
Microbiologists assume
different roles in these industries. Some of their roles are:
Diagnosis of the causes of animal diseases of microbial origin
Analysis of processed foods and medicines to ensure that the materials are safe
for human consumption
Development and production of vaccines, enzymes and insulin
Research and development of drugs
Research and study of plant diseases; development and production of
insecticides and anti-microbial chemicals
Genetic engineering of microorganisms to prevent and cure plant and animal
diseases
Marketing of diagnostic materials, pharmaceuticals, processed foods and
beverages
Requirements
First of all, you must have a
strong interest in Biological Sciences. You should be able to develop a clear
understanding of the principles of Biological Sciences. An analytical and
inquisitive mind will help.
You should be prepared to study a lot. Study of Biological Science and making a
career in this field is real hard work and it takes a long time to build up a
career.
Now look at the educational
qualifications needed to be a microbiologist. Any one of these qualifications
will lead you to a career in Microbiology.
M. Sc./Ph. D in Microbiology
MD in Microbiology
M. Sc./ Ph. D in Agricultural Science with specialisation in Microbiology
M. Pharm/ Ph. D in Microbiology
M. V. Sc. / Ph. D with specialisation in Animal Microbiology
M. Sc./ Ph. D in Biomedical Science with specialisation in Microbiology
M. Sc./ M. Tech/ Ph. D in Biotechnology with specialisation in Industrial
Microbiology
Job Opportunities
You can get a job in research and
development in:
· University departments
· Biological research and
development organisations like Institute of Microbial
Technology, National Institute of Communicable Diseases, and National Centre
for Biological Science
· Medical research organisations
under Indian Council for Medical Research
· Agricultural research
organisations under Indian Council for Agricultural Research
· Dairy and animal research
institutions
You can also get a job in the
Research & Development/ Analytical/ Production/ Sales & Marketing
departments of: -
· Pharmaceutical and Bulk Drug
manufacturing companies like Ranbaxy and Torrent
· Food processing companies like
Hindustan Lever, SmithCline Beecham and Glaxo
· Beverage manufacturing companies
like United Breweries
· Diagnostic companies like Span
and Monozyme
· Hospitals like Apollo and Bombay
hospital
· Biotechnology and bioprocess
technology based companies like Shanta Biotechnics, National Immunological
· Dairy and Poultry firms like
Arambagh Hatcheries and various other related organizations
Money & Other Benefits
Your remuneration depends on the
organisation you work for.
In university departments and
research organisations, you will start at Rs 12,000 -14,000 a month as a faculty
member or as a junior scientist. You will earn Rs 6,000 a month as a research
assistant or research scholar. The maximum remuneration you can earn in these
organisations is Rs 25,000 as per the present scale. However, this scale is
currently under revision and the remuneration is likely to be increased by at
least 20 per cent.
In industries, you may have to
start at a slightly lower salary but eventually you will earn much more than
those in academic fields. You will begin at Rs 8,000 - 12,000 a month. In
senior positions, you could earn anywhere between Rs 30,000 - 70,000 a month.
Career Prospects
Microbiology is an essential part
of Life Science or Bioscience. In the 21st century Life science is going to be
very big. It will bring in enormous changes in the way we live, get medical
care and take medicines. Prospects of newer ways of medical care, newer
biological and healthcare products are plenty. We may buy a biochip in the near
future which can be placed under the skin to boost our immunity system. This
will protect us from microbial diseases. We will see a cure-all medicine that
can cure any microbial disease. We may see a genetically developed
microorganism, which will detoxicate toxic wastes. We may see another
genetically developed bacteria, which will shield crops from attack of
microbial diseases.
Biological research and development of all these
products will need Life Scientists in more numbers. So the prospects of all
Life Scientists including the microbiologists are definitely bright.
Bioinfomatics
You have a
splitting headache. You go to a doctor who diagnoses you. He then feeds your
info into a computer and voila! A pill customised to match your genetic code
pops out. Science fiction? Not necessarily. Welcome to the world of Bioinfomatics.
Bioinfomatics is where carbon meets
silicon. It is the fusion of computer science and biology. This field
specialises in computer software that enables in-depth research into the
mysteries of the human body. Earlier, research was driven by instinct and luck.
It is now moving into a more technologically driven era.
Research in such a complex field as
human science generates a lot of data. This information needs to be processed
so that it may be understood properly. You will use computer software tools for
database creation, data management, data warehousing and global communication
network. You will then integrate them with the user interface. What this means
is that you will understand the science of biology and convert it into a
mathematical form using a computer. Then you will make a system where in a
scientists will feed in some numbers and the computer spits out the result on a
paper or a 3D image on the computer screen.
Bioinfomatics is used in areas such
as chemical engineering, drug design, vaccine design, etc. You will help
scientists determine the structure of cells and proteins, how they behave and
how they react with other cells and chemical compounds. For instance, you can
look at a virus and accordingly design a drug, which will be capable of killing
it and stimulate its effectiveness on the computer! Now imagine how easy it has
become for scientists trying out the millions of permutations and combinations
of genetic code.
Requirements
You need to have good analytical
and logical skills coupled with an inquisitive mind. This is science on the
cutting edge and most of the time you will be expected to come up with new
ideas or solutions to tackling complex matters. You must have tons and tons of
patience. You may be working on a project for years on end and sometimes you
may face problems that seem insurmountable. You should be able to think clearly
and not lose your head in these situations. You should also have excellent
communication skills, as you will be required to explain complex issues in
layman terms.
Academically, you have two options
to enter this field. You can be a Biological Scientist who likes computers or a
computer geek who is fascinated by the living world. However this is a very
specialised area of study. So you need to do specific courses in Bioinfomatics.
You will learn to develop
scientific software for biologists. This will include Computer Programming,
Computer Graphics as well as simulation and modelling structures related to
chemistry and biology. The Bioinfomatics Centre at Pune is one such institute
offering a post graduate programme. For this course, you need to have a Post
Graduate Degree in any Science Faculty, M.V.Sc., M.Sc. (Agriculture), M.Pharm.,
M.B.B.S or M.D. People with M.E., B.Tech, M.C.A. or B.E. degrees are also
eligible for this course.
Job Opportunities
You could start off as Research
Associate in various projects organised by the Department of Biotechnology or
by institutes such as TIFR (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) and
National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore. According to your
level of experience you will slowly rise in terms of responsibilities in these
projects. Alternatively, you could also take up teaching positions at these
institutes.
One of the biggest joint international
projects currently on is the human genome project. This aims to map the human
genetic code. Bioinfomatics has played a major part in speeding up this task.
You could play an active role in cracking the human genetic code.
Money & Other Benefits
As a research associate you are
paid in the range of Rs 8,000-10,000. Of course, as a government employee you
are entitled to additional perks and privileges. Dollars could be raked in if
you go abroad, but in terms of cutting edge research opportunities, India is
second to none.
Career Prospects
There is a huge demand for trained
Bioinformaticists in U.S.A., Europe and Australia. These countries have taken a
lead in research in the field of genetics and it is here that the best
prospects lie. Even insurance firms are looking towards biotechnology companies
to help them profile individuals. All this is good news for Bioinformaticists.
In India this branch is yet to take
off mainly because of the immense costs involved in these projects. But many
agro-based industries are planning to expand their research and development
capabilities to encompass this new field.
Then there is the issue of human
cloning. There is a lot of concern about the possible fallout of this
technology. But once the matter is sorted out and regulations are laid out,
this industry will witness a boom.
Biochemist
How good are you at Chemistry? Can you remember
complex chemical equations? Are you also interested in Biological Science? If
you have answered in the affirmative then we have some news for you. Presenting
an exciting career as a Biochemist…
Biochemists are involved in the
study of chemical compositions and molecular structure of bio molecules like
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, vitamins and
hormones; chemistry of human and animal cells, tissues, bones; chemistry of
plant tissues; chemical reactions between bio molecules; metabolism of bio
molecules in human and animal bodies; bio engineering of plant and animal cells
and biological processes; and other related areas.
Biochemistry has a wide range of
scientific applications such as nutrition and dietetics, medicine, animal
science, agriculture, pharmaceutical sciences, food processing, and
biotechnology.
Biochemists are involved in
a wide range of subjects:
Cell structure and cycle, DNA and
RNA structure and metabolism, cell division
Biochemical reactions
Biological catalysis, macromolecular structure
DNA replication
Metabolism and nutrition
Protein structure and function, protein-nucleic acid and chemical reactions
between proteins
Functions of brains and Neurochemistry
Bioenergetics
Bio enzymes and their functions
Mechanism of biological functions likes muscle contraction
Molecular developmental mechanisms that lead to development of different cells
from stem cells (stem cells are embryonic cells that can grow into any human
cell)
Protein synthesis
Apart from the study of general
biochemistry, you can also specialise in Medical Biochemistry, which deals with
those biochemical processes and mechanisms that have relevance to treatment and
cure of human diseases. Medical biochemists are involved in the study of
biochemistry of human diseases, human immunology, reaction of toxic substances
on healthy cells, chemical structure and composition of microbial cells, gene
therapy, treatment of diseases by protein targeting, and other related
subjects.
As a Biochemist, you will mostly
work in laboratories of university departments, research and development
organisations, medical research organisations, hospitals, and various
industries like food processing, pharmaceutical, agricultural, diagnostic, and
other related industries.
In university departments, you will
work as faculty member (Lecturer, Reader, or Professor), as a Research
Assistant or as a Research Scholar. In various research organisations, one
begins as a research assistant, research scholar, or junior scientist and then
goes on to become Senior Scientist, Principle Scientist, Project Director or
Program Director. The pinnacle of your career will be either as the Principle/
Head of the department in a university or college or as the Director of a
research organisation.
In industries, you will mostly find
work in research and development functions. You will also have opportunities to
work in marketing department of companies involved in diagnostic, food
processing, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries.
Requirements
First of all, you must have a
strong interest in Biological Sciences as well as in Chemistry. You should love
learning Chemistry and Biology and be able to develop a clear understanding of
the principles of Biological Sciences and Chemical Sciences. You should have an
analytical and inquisitive mind. Be prepared to study a lot. Study of any
Biological Science subject and making a career in this field is real hard work
and it takes a long time to build up a career.
Now look at the educational
qualifications required to be a biochemist. Any one of these qualifications
will lead you to a career in Biochemistry.
M. Sc./ Ph. D in Biochemistry
M. Sc./ Ph. D in Molecular Biology
M. Sc./ Ph. D in Biotechnology or Genetics
MD in Biochemistry
M. Sc./ Ph. D in Medical Biochemistry
M. Sc./ Ph. D in Biomedical Science
M. Pharm/ Ph. D in Biochemistry
M. Sc. / Ph. D in Agricultural Sciences with specialisation in Biochemistry
Job Opportunities
You can get a job in research and
development in:
·
University departments
·
Biological research and development organisations like Indian Institute of
Chemical Biology, Chembiotec, and National Centre for Biological Science
· Medical
research organisations under Indian Council for Medical Research
·
Agricultural research organisations under Indian Council for Agricultural
Research
Job in
Research & Development/ Sales & Marketing departments of:
·
Pharmaceutical and Bulk Drug manufacturing companies like Ranbaxy, Torrent
· Food
processing companies like Hindustan Lever, SmithCline Beecham, Glaxo
·
Diagnostic companies like Span, Monozyme
· Hospitals
like Apollo, Bombay hospital
·
Biotechnology and bioprocess technology based companies like Shanta
Biotechnics, National Immunological Ltd. and other related organizations
Your remuneration depends on the
organisation you work for. In university departments and research
organisations, you will start at Rs 12,000-14,000 a month as a faculty member
or as a junior scientist. You will get about Rs 6,000 a month as a research
assistant or research scholar. The maximum remuneration you can earn in these
organisations is Rs 25,000 as per the present scale. However, this scale is
currently under revision and the remuneration is likely to be increased by at
least 20 per cent
In industries, you may have to
start with a slightly lower salary but eventually you will earn much more than
those in academic fields. You will begin with about Rs 8,000 - 12,000 a month.
In senior positions, you could earn anywhere between Rs 30,000 - 70,000 a
month.
Career Prospects
Biochemistry is an essential part
of Life Science or Bioscience. In the 21st century Life science is going to be
very big. It will bring in enormous changes in the way we live, get medical
care and take medicines. Prospects of newer ways of medical care, newer
biological and healthcare products are plenty. We may buy an artificial tissue
developed from stem cells to replace any damaged tissue in our body. A protein
supplement taken once a day will provide all the proteins we need. We may see a
genetically developed cow, which will produce more milk than a normal cow.
Possibilities in the 21st Century are enormous.
Biological research and development
of all these products will need Life Scientists in more numbers. So the prospects
of all Life Scientists including Biochemists are definitely bright.
Biotechnologist
What makes
a flower yellow or pink? How corn stalks grow taller? Do you want to be at the
forefront of developing new drugs, foods with enhanced nutrition and crops that
can fight off pests? Or simply create another Dolly? Then read on…
If you have been following the news
closely, you've probably heard about a Scottish scientist cloning a sheep or
about the tomatoes in your salad being genetically enhanced. Biotechnology, a
combination of biology, physics, chemistry, mathematics and engineering is at
the center of these and other controversial innovations. It's a
research-oriented field, with applications in various areas such as medicine,
pharmaceuticals, agriculture and environment.
Biotechnology is interdisciplinary,
covering biomedical research, microbiology, physics, chemistry, mathematics and
engineering. It is the application of biology and genetics to produce
substances useful to man.
Biotechnologists are involved in
gene therapy, fertility control, improving food nutritional value, reducing
pollution, increasing livestock productivity, the development of
contraceptives, etc. Research confines a biotechnologist's main work to
laboratories.
Branches in Biotechnology such as
Microbiology and Biochemistry have contributed to the development of new drugs.
Many biotechnology firms team up with pharmaceutical companies to investigate
treatments for everything from the common cold to cancer.
Biotechnologists work in
various fields. Some of these are:
Drug Discovery - These
scientists employ expertise in molecular biology, cell biology, pharmacology,
and today's hot biotechnologies like gene therapy or antigens to discover new
drug molecules.
Receptor Biology - Scientists
here employ knowledge of multiple disciplines like Biology, Biochemistry,
Biophysics, Bio-engineering, Molecular Biology, etc to research various
exciting fields like protein engineering, drug delivery systems, etc.
Cell Biology - They carry
on research in various new fields like Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering.
Cells are the engines and brains of many processes and the biologist who
understands these new frontiers is a Cell Biologist.
Bio-informatics - As
biotechnology or, precisely, genetics is mapping human genes, animals and
plants, enormous amount of information is being generated. This information is
about the nature and structure of the billions of genes that are being mapped.
Bio-informatics specialists are combining knowledge of Structural Biology,
Computational Chemistry, Mathematics and Information Technology to manage the
huge information databases.
Bioprocess Engineerin g - Various
products like alcohol, processed foods, vegetables, meat products, enzymes
required in pharmaceutical formulations, etc. are manufactured by biological
processes. There are scientists working in this area of bio-processing to solve
manufacturing problems, developing new processes, and so on.
Biochemistry - Biochemists
study the chemical make-up of living matter, as well as the molecular basis for
the processes that occur in cells. They develop medical, agricultural, food
science, pharmacological, industrial, environmental and other practical applications
using their scientific expertise.
Microbiology -
Microbiologists study the growth and characteristics of micro organisms, such
as viruses, bacteria, fungi, molds and parasites, as well as their interactions
with the environment. They develop industrial, medical and other practical
applications.
Genetics - In this
field scientists conduct research into the biochemical and physiological
aspects of heredity, specialising in the examination of DNA.
They often concentrate on human genetics, which involves studying the
biological basis for human variation and the causes of human genetic
conditions. They are also directly involved in patient care, including prenatal
diagnosis for genetic diseases and genetic counselling.
Sales and Marketing - Marketing
and sales of bio-processed products need special skills. Not only marketing
skills, but skills in understanding and interpreting biotechnology are also
needed. There are many biotechnologists who are actually working in sales and
marketing.
Requirements
If you aspire to be a
biotechnologist you need:
* Liking for Biology, even if you
have not studied it
* An inquisitive and innovative mind
* Interest in academics and perseverance
* Systematic and methodical approach
* Objective thinking
* Ability to concentrate for long hours
* Need to enjoy laboratory work
* Good communication skills - to be able to convey your ideas to engineers,
marketing folk and lawyers. You'll be constantly asked to explain your findings
orally or in writing.
* A keen desire to learn
Academically, you should have a qualification in Biotechnology or other fields
like Bioscience, Medical science, Physics, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
Technology, Agricultural Science, Veterinary Science, Medical Biology,
Bioprocess Engineering and other related fields.
Job
Opportunities
Biotechnologists
find job opportunities in:
* Various research organisations in
the areas of bioscience and biotechnology under CSIR (Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research), ICAR (Indian Council for Agricultural Research) and
other such research organisations. These organisations are under various
Ministries of the Central and State Governments.
Some examples are: Center for
Cellular & Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Central
for Plant Biotechnology, Central Drug Research Institute, National Institute of
Nutrition, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, National central for Biology
Sciences, Potato Research Institute, Tobacco Research Institute, etc.
* You can even find opportunities
in Nuclear and Atomic research centers, Space research centers and other
research organisations like BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Center), ISRO (Indian
Space Research Organisation), SPIC Science Foundations and others.
* You'll get ample research opportunities
in pharmaceutical companies, food processing companies, and other companies
involved in bioprocess technology. For e.g., Ranbaxy, Cadila, Wockhardt,
Pfizer, Dr. Reddy's Laboratory, Sun Pharmaceutical, Lupin Laboratories
(Pharmaceutical companies);
Monsanto, Shanta Biotechniques, Proagro, Mahyco (Bioprocess Technology based
companies); National Fertiliser Corporation, Cynamid (Agricultural industry
companies),
Hindustan Lever, Parle Agro (Food Processing companies), etc.
* You can work in universities and
colleges either as a faculty member or as a research fellow. There are many
universities, which are involved in path-breaking research in the fields of
Biological Sciences. Examples are Jawaharlal Nehru University, Indian Institute
of Science, IITs, Jadavpur University, Delhi University, University of
Hyderabad, Osmani University, Bharatidasan University, Madurai Kamaraj
University, University of Mumbai, Banaras Hindu University and others.
* If you are not too keen on
research and development, you can also find marketing opportunities in any one
of the companies involved in the fields of pharmaceuticals, bioprocess
technology, agriculture, food processing and other related fields.
* With a degree like B.Tech/ M.Tech
you can get a job in the actual production process control operations in
companies involved in bioprocess technology, agriculture industry and other
related fields.
* It is also possible to find
opportunities in quality control and analytical laboratories of the bio-process
technology companies and other companies involved in related industries.
Research positions in a large-scale
biotech company: Rs 20,000 per month or more if you are a Ph.D.
With 3-4 years of post-Ph.D experience: Rs 25,000-30,000 a month plus other
benefits.
Trainee in Research and development department (M. Sc.): Rs 8,000 per month.
M. Tech in biotechnology: Rs 16,000 - 20,000 a month (starting salary)
With a M.Sc., in bioprocess: Rs 6,000 - 10,000 per month.
If you join a university department/college after M.Sc. as a Research Fellow,
you will get Rs 5,000 - 6,000 plus other benefits like HRA, Contingency
allowance, etc. If you join as a Research Assistant, you will get about Rs
6,000 - 8,000 per month as the starting salary.
In a university/college after M.Sc. as a faculty member (Lecturer): Rs
12,000-13,000 a month.
A B.Sc. in Biotech/Microbiology/Biochemistry or any related subject can get a
job as an assistant in the quality control/analyt ical department, with a
starting salary of about Rs 4,000-6,000 a month.
If you are looking at sales and marketing you will be get Rs 4,000-8,000 plus
travelling allowance and incentives.
After M.Sc., you will have to start with Rs 5,000 - 10,000 per month. After B.
Tech/M.Tech you'll take home Rs 8,000-16,000 a month to begin with.
Career Prospects
Good news for all you wanna be
biotechnologists. This field happens to be the second fastest growing
employment sector after Information Technology. It, therefore, offers good
career opportunities for young people. The field of Biotechnology experienced
explosive growth in the '90s as scientists began to make breakthrough after
breakthrough in understanding cellular and molecular biological processes.
Today, scientists use fermentation and crossbreeding -
the same techniques used for hundreds of years to ferment beer and crossbreed
plants to manipulate existing materials and genetically alter them. One example
of this is xeno-transplantation, which uses organs from animals such as pigs,
and genetically modifies them so they can be used in human transplants.
Thus, both biotech and pharmaceutical companies will continue to hire workers.
With a postgraduate qualification in biotechnology you can be employed in
leading pharmaceutical companies, chemical industries, as well as agricultural
and allied industries.
Biotechnologists are also employed in the areas of planning, production and
management of bio-processing industries, organic chemical industries, and in
pollution control activities of major industries. Moreover, you can be employed
on a large scale in research laboratories run by the government as well as the
corporate sector.
You could be at the forefront of solving some of the most significant problems
we face today, such as world hunger and malnutrition. Whether, it is the colour
of a flower or a fruit that can deliver immunisation, as a biotechnologist you
can offer efficient ways to get those results.
Geographer
What about studying how rainbow is
formed? What about studying rainfalls and formation of hurricanes? Are you
interested in learning that all the land mass of earth are in continuous
motion? Do you know there was only one vast land mass on the earth millions of
years ago? Would you like to study arctic environment where temperature is
always below -40 degree Celsius? Interested? Read more.
Geographers study the earth. They
study constituents of earth, nature of land mass, its atmosphere and
inhabitants. They are involved in the study of various regions of earth and the
difference in climate across earth. They study the characteristics of the land
in different regions of the world and the principals of land and ocean
development. They also study earth's resources like minerals and water,
distribution of resources over region, and its utilisation. They also study
human and animal population across the earth and their characteristics.
Geographers study the climatic
conditions in different regions of the world and its effect on the natural
resources and development of human civilization, plant and animals. They study
local weather conditions and the seasonal progression. They are involved in
global monitoring of environment and weather forecasting.
Geographers are involved in land
surveying and drawing of maps. Drawing of maps is a very complicated and
precision work. You can in fact specialise in the area of map drawing called
cartography.
Geographers are involved in study
of the various natural and climatic phenomenon like rain, storm, cyclone, and
earthquake. They study volcano, development of mountains, the ocean and other
such earth bodies.
As a geographer, you can also get
into urban and regional planning and development, housing development, town
planning, transport planning, environmental planning and monitoring.
Geographers these days use a range
of technologies and sophisticated devices in study. For example, then use
Geographic Information Systems, Remote sensing, Spectrographic imaging devices,
and Synthetic aperture radar for studying formation of rain clouds, movement of
storm, environmental pollution, and even tectonic movements (movement of
continent).
Remote sensing is the technology of
taking images of the earth from satellites. Remote sensing involves visual
analysis and interpretation of photographic and non-photographic data, such as
photographic, thermal and infrared images. Remotely sensed data is now the main
source of mapping and geographic information system. Remote sensing is used for
collection of earth observation data, monitoring of global climate, monitoring
environmental changes, studies of volcanoes, observation of wildlife
population, and other related areas.
You can specialise in various
fields of Geography like Economic Geography, Cultural Geography, Environment
Control, Political Geography, and Natural Resources. You can also specialise in
Cartography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Geomorphology, Meteorology,
Climatology, Remote sensing, and other related areas.
A lot of field work is involved in
Geography related professions. Apart from researching in laboratories, you will
need to visit various locations to study climate, nature of land, natural
resources, etc. You may work in processing and analysing of GIS data on hi-tech
computer terminals.
As per your specialisation, you
will find work as a Cartographer, Climatologist, Research scientist,
Environmental analyst, GIS specialist, Urban planner, Regional Planner,
Population scientist, Resource analyst, Remote sensing specialist, etc.
Requirements
You should have a keen interest in
pursuit of knowledge about the physical environment you live in. You should be
very inquisitive in nature with strong analytical skills. Geography is mainly a
research oriented career. So, you should be prepared for a long academic
career. You should have a lot of patience and perseverance. You should be very
hard working.
Educational qualifications wise,
you need to have at least an MA/M.Sc. in Geography. After post graduation, you
can do a Master's degree in Planning/ Remote Sensing/ GIS (M.Tech level
courses) if you have Mathematics as a subject in your BA/ B. Sc. You can also
specialise in Population Science or Population Studies after your post
graduation.
As in case of other academic careers, you will do well if you armed with a
Ph.D.
Job Opportunities
You will find jobs in:
University departments and colleges
Research organisations like National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad
and National Institute of Oceanography, Goa
NGOs
Government Ministries and departments like Ministry of Environment, Ministry of
Urban development and autonomous organisations under them
Pollution control boards
Municipal and urban development corporations
Housing developmental corporations
Money & Other Benefits
In university departments and
colleges you will begin with about Rs 12000- 14000 a month and can earn a
maximum of Rs 25000 a month as par the present salary level. In Government
jobs, you will get about Rs 10000 a month in the beginning. In these
organisations also, you can earn a maximum of Rs 25000 a month. NGOs generally
pay you less. You can expect to earn about Rs 6000 a month.
Career Prospects
Some exciting opportunities for
Geographers are coming up in the area of IT-enabled services, viz., Geographic
Information Systems (GIS). Moreover, if you specialise in fields like Planning,
Remote sensing, Populations studies, Cartography, etc., you can expect to get
very good job opportunities. It would be a good idea to do your higher studies
like Ph.D or Post-doctoral fellowships from Universities in UK or USA. Research
opportunities and the scopes of specialist are very promising in these
countries.
Geologist
Did your mother always scold you
for playing too much in the dirt? Do you enjoy collecting stones? Are you
fascinated by natural phenomenon like earthquakes and volcanoes? Why don't you
become a geologist then? Who knows, you might even figure in Discovery or
National Geographic channel. So let's find out how you can understand mother
earth better.
The
study of earth's history, composition and structure is what geology is all
about. You will explore deserts, oceans, mountains, etc. and understand its
nature. You will go in to the field, collect samples, analyse it in a
laboratory and predict about the nature of earth and its constituents. Your
projects will take you far and wide and into some of the most inhospitable
terrains on earth.
As a geologist you can specialise in any of the following areas:
Mineralogy - You will
take soil samples and test it for various minerals. You will estimate the
quality and quantity of minerals like coal, calcium, sodium, etc.
Petrology - Here you will hunt for that elusive black gold
(oil). If you hit the jackpot not only you and your company but your country
too would reap the benefits of your discovery for generations.
Hydrology - This deals with the study of water resources. You
will hunt for underground sources of water and study existing ones. This will
have the most direct impact on human beings.
Palaeontology - You will hunt for dinosaur bones and other
creatures that are now extinct. You will make up scenarios, as to how the earth
was when these animals were around and what led to their extinction.
Structural Geology - This involves testing the soil to
determine the feasibility of undertaking proje cts such as dams, bridges, etc.
Geochemistry - This is
concerned with the chemistry of earth's materials. You will use principles of
chemistry to research the earth's chemical composition. You will also determine
the chemical characteristics of minerals and fossil fuels like coal, gas, oil,
etc.
Geophysics - Here you
will apply principles of physics to research and study earth's gravitation and
electro-magnetic field.
Marine Geology - Here you
will research and study the ocean bed and ocean-continent interactions.
Seismology - You will study everything about earthquakes -
analyse their behaviour and interpret data to forecast earthquakes.
You
could also specialise in areas such as environmental geology and geomorphology (study
of the origin of landforms) and historical geology (study of rock layers and
sedimentation)
Requirements
Acute
spatial and three dimensional form perception
Ability to enjoy exploration and outdoor work
Aptitude for accurate details
Good data collection and comparison skills
Physical stamina and manual dexterity
Additionally, you need to have good mathematical, analytical and observational
skills. You should be able to adapt to any working condition. One day you could
be in a super specialised laboratory using the latest equipment and the next
day you could be digging the dirt with a shovel. Besides this you need to
exhibit drive, initiative and leadership qualities while leading expeditions.
Ability to work in a team is also essential as no geologist works in isolation.
Many
universities in the country offer both graduate and post graduate courses in
geology. At the master's level, you can specialise in Geophysics, Applied
Geology, Mineralogy, Mineral Processing, Petroleum Engineering, Geotechnology,
Natural Resources, Marine Geophysics, Marine Geology, etc.
The Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur offers a five-year integrated
course in Exploration Geophysics after class 12. If you have already cleared
your B. Tech./B.E./M.Sc. then you can do your M. Tech. in Geology or
Geophysics.
Job Opportunities
The biggest employer is the government of India. You
can become a surveyor with the Geological Survey of India (GSI) through the
UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) examination. The examination consists of
five papers: including English (1), hydrogeology (1) and geology (3). If you
specialise in a particular area, you could work for organisations like ONGC,
Coal India, etc. Similar opening also exists in the Central Ground Water Board.
You
could also gain employment with the Indian space and research organisation,
lending your expertise in their remote sensing projects
Geology offers ample scope for academic research. Centre for Earth Studies
National Institute of Hydrology, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology and
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology recruit geologists for research as
well as teaching positions. Of course at this level you require a doctoral
degree in geology. There are openings in the private sector as consultants. But
these are few and far between.
A new field that you can branch into is Geological Software Development. This
deals with computer programming to recreate the various geological processes on
a computer.
Money & Other Benefits
You can expect to make around Rs 10,000 - 12,000 as a
Surveyor in any government organisation. Salaries in research positions also
fall in the same range. Geologists, involved in exploration work get between Rs
15,000-20,000 a month.
If you are working for an MNC as consultant on an oil-rig you could make as
much as $ 500-600. And that's for just an hour of work!
Remote
Sensing Analysis is also a high paying job and you can make up to Rs
45,000-60,000 per project
Geological
Software Developers get a starting salary of around Rs 15,000 which can work
its way up to as much as Rs 50,000 a month.
Research
opportunities are also pretty good. After your M.Sc, you can either get a job
with a salary of about Rs 6,500 per month or a research scholarship for Rs
5,000-6,000 per month. After your Ph.D, you can get about Rs 8,000-12,000 per
month. The salaries are in the same range in academic jobs.
Career Prospects
As
far as government jobs are concerned these have remained relatively stable. Major
infrastructure projects that were envisaged with foreign investment have really
not materilised. Oil exploration is without doubt the biggest money-spinner. So
far exploration of minerals and oil sector has been under government control
with only limited international participation. If restrictions are lifted, it
would be a goldmine for geologists in India.
With
increasing concern for the environment, environmental geology is already
growing in the west. However, remote sensing analysis and geological software
development present the maximum scope of a job abroad and are amongst the
highest paying. But it can't beat the sense of satisfaction on locating an
underground well in a village with no water supply!
Oceanography
Water-the life giver. It was water that made the
earth habitable and sustainable. In fact the first organisms were born in
water. Come to think of it over 70 per cent of the earth is covered with water.
We have landed on the moon but we have yet to put a man on the bottom of the
deepest ocean. So how would you like to be known as a water baby?
Oceanography is the science of
oceans. You will be studying about the oceans. In India with its coastline,
stretching to over 6,500 kms this is an untapped goldmine. Your job will
involve surveying and charting coastal waters and continental shelves. This
means that you will be drawing an underwater map of the coastline, which will
help fishermen and giant ships alike to navigate through the seas.
Besides, you will also forecast the
weather, maintain and decipher marine date, and research the geography of the
underwater world. You will collect samples, use delicate and sophisticated
equipment and analyse data. This information will be used to dig up oil and
other mineral sources. You will also research different aspects of marine life
and their eco systems. You will utilise your skills to determine how best the
resources of the sea can be utilised in areas such as food production.
You could also focus your research
on environmental issues such as dumping toxic chemicals in the sea or even
become an underwater explorer a la Jacques Cousteau. In short, you will be one
with the sea - finding and discovering more about her.
Requirements
It goes without saying that you
should be devoid of seasickness! Oceanographers usually spend around six to
eight months a year on board vessels. So it's definitely not a nine to five
job. You need to be an adventurous person in love with nature and the
environment. You also need to be patient. This is a research-oriented job and
sometimes it can get quite monotonous.
You cannot however let go of your
concentration. Time and tide wait for no man and so you will have to do your
job come hell or high water or even the occasional cyclone! You need to be a
good observer, detail oriented and a team player.
You can do your B.Sc in Marine Biology and then go on and do your Master's or
Doctorate. You can also jump into the master's or doctorate programme by doing
your B.Sc or M.Sc in any other science stream. You could specialise in areas
such as Marine Geology, Marine Biology, Chemical Oceanography, Physical
Oceanography, Metrology, etc. You will learn things like composition and
quality of water, the surface and subsurface characteristics of coastal
regions. You will also study the life process of marine animals.
Job Opportunities
Oceanographers are employed in a
wide spectrum of areas by companies involved in oil and mineral exploration,
fishery houses, etc. You will work in their research and development wings.
Similar opening exist in public sector undertaking like ONGC, etc Governmental
bodies like the Geological Survey of India and Meteorological Survey of India
also employ oceanographers as does the Indian Navy and Coast Guard. You also
have the option of branching into related fields like oil and marine
engineering.
Then there are institutes like the National Institute of Oceanography in Goa.
You could teach here as well as develop training programmes for students and
professionals alike. You could also take part in the numerous research studies
undertaken by the institute.
Money & Other Benefits
Usually you will start with a
stipend of around Rs 2000 per month. With experience, the pay scales in
government organisations rise to around Rs 10,000-2,000 and work its way up to
Rs 18,000 a month. The private sector companies offer better monetary benefits.
One of the added advantages of this business is that you get to travel a lot
over water and underwater as well! Your research projects could take you to
some of the most beautiful locations on the planet. You will get to see Mother
Nature in all its beauty. This is one thing that you simply cannot put a price
tag on.
This industry has been relatively stagnant over the
last few decades. But there are signs of growth. One of the biggest demands for
oceanographers is for the search of oil. Privatisation of this sector would
give this industry a big fillip. The onset of globalisation and the demand for
power has meant that this sector too is set to fall from the monopoly of the
government.
Another major area that is gaining importance worldwide is marine environment.
Increased importance is being given to developing methods of solving pollution
problems near-the-shore waters due to increasing population and industrial
waste. Although this has not really caught on in India, there are many
opportunities abroad.
Also with terrestrial resources diminishing by the day industries are increasingly
looking towards the world water reservoirs to fulfil their needs. In countries
like Japan for instance a lot of importance is being given to harness the seas
as a source of food by developing aqua-farms etc.
Mathematician
You could be a Mathematician if...
· you know that your telephone number is the sum of two prime numbers
· you comment to your girlfriend that her straight hair is nice and parallel.
If number crunching is your favourite past time a new
and exciting career awaits you - that of a Mathematician.
Mathematicians give us the logic to
understand the forms, objects, forces and energy that we see everyday. They
specialize in different branches such as arithmetic, algebra, geometry,
calculus, trigonometry, etc.
Your job will be to use mathematics
as a tool to solve practical and theoretical problems in business, defence,
science, engineering and others.
Mathematics as a subject used to be
only of theoretical importance for a long time. But with the complexities in
Applied Science and Technology increasing, the applications of Mathematics are
finding new areas. For example, Computer Science, System Automation,
Biotechnology, and Geology. Mathematicians are not only involved in theoretical
research but are also engaged in finding out ways of application in the
industrial sector.
Requirements
An eye for detail and a love for
study and experimentation are essential for those taking up natural and
mathematical sciences
You should love crunching numbers and
theories with a strong ability to solve complex analytical problems
You should have a significantly above average abstract reasoning skill
You should be very strong in all
areas of Mathematics like Algebra, Geometry, Calculus and others
For entry into this field you need
to have a degree in Mathematics or a B.Sc. in Pure Science or B.E / B.Tech with
a strong aptitude for Mathematics. Then you could specialise in various fields
like Computer Applications, Operations Research, Industrial Mathematics and
Informatics, Computer Science, Statistics, Information Technology, Electronics,
etc
After a Master's degree in
Mathematics or an integrated Doctoral fellowship in Mathematics you could do a
Post Doctoral Fellowship. To be into research, a Ph.D is a must.
After a Master's degree you can
also get into research in the areas of Applied Mathematics, Statistics,
Computer Science, System Science, Operational Research, Automation, Astronomy,
etc. You can also get into various social sciences research like in Management,
Developmental Studies, etc.
Job Opportunities
Jobs are available in:
University departments, colleges,
and other educational institutions as faculty members/ lecturers
Mathematical Research institutions
like Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Institute of Mathematical Science,
etc.
Other research and development
organisations in the field of Applied Science like Jawaharlal Nehru Institute
of Advanced Scientific Research at Bangalore.
Information technology companies
specially those, which are developing application and system software to be
used in scientific research and technology development, industrial automation
software, etc.
Large-scale manufacturing companies
in their operational research and quality Control departments.
Mathematicians are needed in such
areas as operations research, statistics, computer science, applied
mathematical physics and actuarial science.
Other industries that employ
mathematicians include AeroSpace, Oil, Electrical Manufacturing,
Communications, Data Processing and Insurance.
Money & Other Benefits
In university and research
organizations: Rs.12, 000 per month (starting salary after Ph.D.)
School teachers: Rs 6,000 a month
to start with.
In a software firm after M.Sc: Rs
8,000-16,000 or more.
In other industries: Rs
8,000-16,000 or more depending on your qualifications and aptitudes.
Career Prospects
The merging of mathematics with
Biology, Medicine, Management and Social Sciences - particularly Economics and
Psychology has resulted in the emergence of new interdisciplinary professions
in which mathematicians play a central role. This provides an opportunity to
combine mathematical training with another disciplines. Some examples of these
interdisciplinary disciplines are Informatics, Bioinformatics, etc.
Rapid developments in the field of
computer science has thrown in exciting opportunities for mathematicians in
various fields like Computer Science, System Science, Quality control, etc.
The newly emerging online education
field, which, according to the industry pundits, is going to be the largest
industry segment in the area of Information Technology will need a number of
mathematicians as faculty members and educational consultant.
Apart from these exciting fields there are
opportunities in pure mathematical research areas like algebraic geometry,
number theory, Topology, Commutative Algebra, etc.
Statistician
Are you an expert at reading all those charts and
graphs shown during cricket matches? Are you among the select few who actually
like number crunching? If your answer is yes then we have just the right career
for you. Come, be a statistician.
Statistics is all about data
analysis. Its objective is to draw a meaning and interpretation out of stacks of
numerical data on facts and events. A statistician's job is also to make these
conclusions simple enough for the layman to understand.
A statistician's task involves the
following process:
Designing research or study methodologies
You might be required to forecast Indian population in the next 15 years.
For this you will first need to decide which among the numerous statistical
models is best suited for this job. You may also need to modify and customise
it for the work at hand.
Determining the sample size
If you are required to find out the average height of Indians, obviously
you cannot measure the height of each and every Indian! You will have to
determine the size and structure of a small group called the sample, which is a
true representative of the entire population.
Surveying or data collection
This is the actual legwork that you will have to do to collect data.
Categorisation and
processing
You will now have to sit down and categorise the data on various factors
like sex, age, etc.
Analysis and interpretation
Now that the data has been properly categorised you will use various
mathematical and statistical formulas to compute and obtain results.
Presentation of data
Once the data is analysed and interpreted, you should be able to present
it in a manner such that it is easy to understand. You can use a variety of
tools such as bar graphs, pie charts, etc. to display your conclusions.
Statisticians specialise in various
areas according to the work they get involved in. These include:
Biostatistics & Health
Statistics
Here you will use your skills in health science research, finding out
efficacy of a drug, cost-benefit analysis of a method of treatment, analysis of
rate of death for a particular disease, etc.
Mathematical Statistics
In this you will be involved in mathematical research involving
computations and derivation.
Operations Research
Operations Research is used to find out the optimum usage of resources
to gain maximum output. Areas such as process engineering and management,
industrial operation design, etc. use operations research.
Statistical Quality Control
This is the application of statistical methods in maintaining quality of
products, processes, and services. You will statistically find out for instance
whether a batch of television sets is free of manufacturing defects.
Quantitative Economics
Quantitative Economics is the specialised application of theories of
statistics in the analysis of economic trends, economic planning, financial
analysis and related fields.
Applied Statistics
Applied Statistics is the use of statistical analysis in various areas
like engineering, agriculture, meteorology, social science research, marketing
research, etc.
As a statistician you will be
working in close coordination with researchers in different fields, business
managers and even government officials during projects. Most of your work will
be desk bound except if you are actively involved in data collection. Most
often than not you will be using computers and advanced statistical and
mathematical software for data processing, analysis, and interpretation.
Requirements
You need to have:
Love and enjoy Mathematics
Love to work with numbers and
mathematical theories
Strong ability to solve complex
problems
Strong analytical skill
Comfortable with the same routine
work day-in-and-day out
As far as academics are concerned,
you would do well to begin with a Bachelor's degree in Statistics. You can do a
B.Sc with a major in Statistics or even better than that would be a B.Stat
(Bachelor of Statistics) from ISI (Indian Statistical Institute).
You can then better your prospects
by pursuing an M. Stat/ M. Sc in Statistics.
If you have completed your B. Sc.
in Mathematics, you can do M. Sc. in Mathematical Statistics, Operations
Research or an MS in Quantitative Economics or even your M. Stat
If you have a Bachelor degree in
Economics or Physics then you can do a M.S in Quantitative Economics.
After a Bachelor degree in
Engineering or Technology, you have the option of pursuing an M.Tech in
Quality, Reliability and Operations Research or a postgraduate diploma in
Statistical Quality Control.
Job Opportunities
As a statistician, you can work
with:
Market Research organizations like
ORG-MARG, MODE, AC Nielson
Economic and social Research organization
like the Center for Monitoring Indian Economy, National Council of Applied
Economic Research, etc.
Indian Statistical Service - a service of the Government of India and other
Government Departments like Ministry of Commerce, Directorate of Commercial
Intelligence & Statistics, etc.
Corporate organisations where you
will be involved in quality control, market research, business forecasting,
operations research and other related operations.
As faculty in University
Departments
In research organisations in
various fields like those under ICMR (Indian Council for Medical Research) or
ICAR (Indian Council for Agricultural Research).
Money & Other Benefits
Market Research organizations:
Starting salaries are in the range of Rs 8,000 - 12,000 a month and can go up
to Rs 40,000-60,000 a month.
Economic and social research
organization: Beginning from Rs 6,000 - 10,000 a month can go up to Rs 30,000 -
40,000 a month.
Indian Statistical Service:
Starting salaries are better here, in the range of Rs 10,000 a month. However
at the maximum you can earn only Rs 25,000 a month. In other government
departments it's in the range of Rs 6,000 - 7,000 a month in the beginning and
can go up to Rs 25,000 a month.
Corporate organisations: In the
beginning it will be Rs. 8,000 - 12,000 a month. Senior statisticians could
earn upto Rs. 40,000 - 60,000 a month.
University Departments: You will
earn Rs. 12,000 in the beginning which can go up to Rs. 25,000 a month at the
senior most scale.
In research organisations your pay
varies a lot. Starting pay will be between Rs. 5,000 - 12,000 a month in the
beginning depending on the type of organization.
Career Prospects
Statistics has a wide range of
applications. In fact, it is difficult to say which fields do not have applications
of Statistics. Agriculture, Business Management, Biotechnology, Economics,
Education, Sociology, Medical Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Market
research, Meteorology, Public services, Government policy making, are a few
examples of fields that require statisticians.
Among graduates with a bachelor's
degree in statistics, those with a background in fields, such as finance,
engineering, or computer science, should have the best job prospects.
Manufacturing firms like those in the pharmaceutical
industry will require statisticians at the master's and doctoral degree levels
for quality control.
Astronomy
Do you look up the sky and say to
yourself, "I wonder what's out there?" Does the Jantar
Mantar fascinate you? Do you look up to Galileo, Aryabhatta and
Arthur C Clarke. Are you an avid Star Trek fan? If you are star struck (not the
Bollywood type!) then welcome to the world of Astronomy where space is the
final frontier
You will be looking up to the
heavens. How's that for a living? Astronomy is in fact all about the study of
heavenly bodies. You will try to discover new planets, stars in our own solar
system as well as those in galaxies millions of light years away. You will try
to find out peculiarities of these bodies and come up with theories to explain
them. You will also study the behavior of comets and asteroids and hopefully
warn earth of any impending disaster!
You will not only use optical
telescopes both land and space based like the Hubble space telescope but also
use giant radio telescopes (these look more like the common cable dish
antenna!)
As an astronomer, your expertise
will also be sought while planning space missions like the Apollo Mission to
the Moon and the Viking Mission to Mars. Who knows you could even be space
walking outside the International Space Station once its is completed!
Besides these, you can also focus
your attention towards S.E.T.I. That stands for Search For Extra Terrestrial
Intelligence - to put it plainly aliens from outer space. No, this is not about
being Fox Mulder chasing little green men. Looking out for life beyond earth
includes the search of fossilised microorganisms on Mars and algae in the
oceans of Europa - one of Jupiters 12 moons. A pretty dignified occupation
indeed!
Requirements
You got to be genuinely interested
in stars and planets. And by that it means not just the usual 'Oh the moon
looks so beautiful tonight' kind of interest. This is one subject the textbook
of which is open right over your head every night. You need good powers of
observation and concentration. You also need good analytical and mathematical
skills to decipher all the data before you can proclaim that the world is about
to end. Imagine the consequences if you got that calculation wrong! You will be
required to travel and stay in remote locations to record activities like
eclipses and meteor showers. The stay might not be very comfortable and so you
must have the ability to rough it out. Education wise you need a B.Sc in Physics/Mathematics/Computer Science or
B.E./B.Tech. in related disciplines to be eligible for the master's course in
Astronomy. You can also complete your master's programme in the above subjects
and then apply for a P.h.D programme in Observational Astronomy, Astrophysics
or Space Sciences. The Introductory Summer School at the Inter-University
Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune gives you an excellent opportunity
to find out if you are cut out for this job. You can enroll for this one month
programme in the first year of your master's course/ 3rd year of engineering.
In this course a series of lectures, workshops and field trips are organised
through which you will be acquainted with the basics of astronomy and
astrophysics.
Job Opportunities
You will be working mainly for
government agencies like ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation), The
Department of Science and Technology and institutions like the Inter-University
Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), National Centre for Radio Astrophysics
(NCRA), Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), Physical Research Laboratory
(PRL), etc. Depending on your qualifications, experience and expertise you
could be working on various projects that these establishments are involved in.
Getting an entry into the field is not much of a problem. The number of seats
for various courses in this field are limited and most often then not you will
end up assisting your professors in their projects. Teaching thus goes hand in
hand with research in this field. Then there is the mother of all
establishments as far as astronomy is concerned. NASA (National Aeronautical
and Space Administration) USA, looks very favorably towards India when it comes
to scientists and experts. If you do your master's or doctoral studies in
prestigious US colleges, you sure can walk straight into NASA. But more often
than not your experience in a particular area of specialisation will help you.
Even after retirement, you could work in a planetarium or a science centre
trying to make this complicated science easier for kids. You could even author
books be it fact or fiction. Who knows you can even pen 'Star Trek - The Indian
Generation'!
Money & Other Benefits
There is enough money for a decent living
but you cannot dream to be a Bill Gates or a Richard Ellison. The average
starting salary in this field is around Rs 7,000-8,000, which can grow with
experience. Teaching jobs pay you better in the range of Rs 13,000-15,000.
Accommodation and traveling allowances are among the additional benefits that
you can avail of.
Career Prospects
You should take up Astronomy only
if it is your passion. Most organisations are government funded and so you will
have a tough time obtaining grants to research your projects. Space exploration
remains a costly affair and many in the corridors power still remain skeptical
of its value.
The Internet has been a big boon
for astronomers. You can for instance hire a radio telescope in New Mexico,
point it to the area of the sky that you wish to survey and gather its readings
all via the Internet. Then of course there is the plus point of having a star
or a comet named after you and your name being immortalised till the heavens
fall apart.
Chemistry
Can you imagine life without table salt, detergent
and toilet soap! Not really. These products, which we take for granted have
been made possible only by chemical technology. A number of the everyday
products, depend either directly or indirectly on chemical technology. In fact
eeverything in the environment, whether natural or man-made is composed of
chemicals. Chemistry offers a wide field for study and work. Let's explore
options within the field of chemistry.
Large number of industries depends
on chemicals. For instance the drugs industry, food industry (chemicals are
used as colouring, flavouring and preserving agents), the petrochemical
industry (the largest producer of primary organic chemicals), the plastic and
synthetic materials industry (used for manufacture of a wide range of finished
products), the soap, cosmetics and cleaning agents industry, paints, coatings
and allied products industry and the agrochemicals industry which manufactures
fertilisers and pesticides are all dependent on chemicals.
Chemist may work in any of the
following sub fields of specialisation:
Analytical Chemists are engaged in conducting chemical analysis of inorganic
and organic samples to ascertain their composition, reaction and properties.
They report their findings to medical or other authorities and conduct
statistical analysis.
Organic Chemists work with organic
carbon compounds and specialise in petroleum, dyes, rubber, alcohol, oils,
natural fats, organic acids, pesticides, organic compounds and their
polymerisation and precipitate products which include plastics and soaps.
Inorganic Chemists work with
metals, acids, salts and gases. You can specialise in production of acids,
salts, minerals, metals, etc.
Physical Chemists work with metals,
ores, gases, and different chemical elements and compounds to ascertain their
physical and chemical properties, radioactivity, structures, atomic and
molecular weights, etc. You can specialise in electrochemistry, thermodynamics,
chromatography, etc.
Industrial Chemists are primarily
engaged in testing samples from production lines.
Biochemist - The action of
chemicals, both as a part of chemical reaction and its effect on living
systems, is the concern of the Biochemist.
You can also specialise in other
related specialisations such as polymers, foods, rubber, paints, petroleum and
so on.
Research chemists investigate
properties, composition, and structure of matter and the laws that govern the
combination of elements and reactions of substances.
Chemists are also engaged in
developing processes that save energy and reduce pollution, such as improved
oil refining and petrochemical processing methods. Research on the chemistry of
living things result in progress in field like medicine, agriculture, food
processing, and other fields. Chemical scientists also work in a variety of
manufacturing industries such as electronics, photographic equipment, and pulp
and paper mills.
Chemical research has led to the
discovery and development of new and improved synthetic fibre, paints,
adhesives, drugs, cosmetics, electronic components, lubricants, and thousands
of other products.
Chemists engaged in research and
development work with computers and a wide variety of sophisticated laboratory
instruments. They test large quantities of chemical compounds simultaneously in
order to find compounds with desired properties.
Chemists, involved in the field of
applied research and development, create new products and processes or improve
existing ones. For example, synthetic rubber and plastics was discovered from
research on small molecules uniting to form large ones, a process called
polymerisation.
The production and quality control
departments in chemical manufacturing plants recruit Chemists. They devise the
entire production process for plant workers that specify ingredients, mixing
times, and temperatures for each stage in the process. They also look into
improving methods of production, maximizing product yield, testing samples of
raw materials or finished products to ensure they meet industry and government
standards, including the regulations governing pollution.
Chemists involved in production are
often exposed poisonous chemicals. But there is little risk if proper
procedures are followed. The work hours are pretty regular for chemists in
offices as well as laboratories. Research chemists spend most of their time in
laboratories. However they also do theoretical research or plan, record and
report on their laboratory research which involves office work.
Requirements
If you plan on taking chemistry, as
a subject for higher studies you need a strong grounding in the subject. For
scientific work and study you require an above average mental ability, good
grasp of scientific concepts, a consistent and above average academic record,
analytical mind, interest in pursuing studies far beyond graduation,
perseverance, hard work and a curious bent of mind. As research and development
chemists are expected to work with interdisciplinary teams, some understanding
of business, marketing and economics, will be handy Good oral and written
communication skills will also help.
Professional reading can be significant in this profession, as discoveries can
change the understanding of the physical systems that are critical to this
profession.
A bachelor's degree in chemistry will get you an entry-level job in this field.
However, if it is research that you are aiming at then you should stop at
nothing less than a Ph.D.
Graduates can specialise in a sub-field of chemistry, such as analytical
chemistry or polymer chemistry, depending on your interests and the kind of
work they wish to do. For example, those interested in drug research in the
pharmaceutical industry need to develop a strong background in synthetic
organic chemistry. Graduates can also pursue pure sciences.
Chemistry graduates interested in the applied sector may choose from a variety
of options like industrial chemistry, sugar technology, food technology,
medical lab technology, pharmaceutical chemistry, paper and pulp technology,
process instrumentation, textile chemicals, oils, paints, fine chemicals, dyes
and intermediates, industrial polymer chemistry, etc.
In government or industry, beginners with bachelor's degrees work in quality
control, analytical testing, or assist senior chemists in research and development
laboratories.
The best qualification would be a Ph.D. or at least a master's degree for basic
and applied research. Ph.D. holders are the most likely to be promoted to
administrative positions.
Environmental studies are another upcoming field. For that you need to take
courses in environmental studies and become familiar with current legislation
and regulations. Knowledge of computers is essential, as employers are looking
for applicants who can apply computer skills to modelling and simulation tasks
and operate computerised laboratory equipment.
Job Opportunities
The field of chemistry offers both
production and non-production jobs. Production work requires handling of raw
material and managing the production process as well as operating highly technical
equipments.
Non-production jobs have professional specialists, technical and managerial
staff, marketing and administrative personnel.
Non-production jobs - The chemical industry has executive, managerial, and
administrative positions. Workers in sales and marketing departments promote
the sales of chemicals and chemical products. They work with research and
development chemists and engineers to help them develop new products. They also
create marketing plans and inform customers about the company products and
services.
Chemists can work in the following
fields:
* Graduate/postgraduates in
chemistry can work in industries manufacturing textiles, petroleum products,
rubber, tyre, plastics, agricultural products, papers, pharmaceutical, food, fertilizers,
paints, cement and even in cosmetic and other aromatic product manufacturing
industries. Jobs are mainly in their analytical process laboratories and
quality control laboratories. One can also get involved in product development
or basic developmental research in these companies.
* The electronic, paper and pulp, metal, cement and aerospace industries also
offer employment opportunities.
* Chemical scientists also find opportunity for work in water treatment,
sanitary
and sewage treatment plants.
* Food chemistry and technology incorporates the work chemists do in food
flavouring, pet foods and food preservatives. These are the developing areas
for research and production.
* Postgraduates/graduates from the
field of chemistry work in sales, marketing and management, patent and product
liability law, chemicals business market research and public policy. Those with
a Ph D are encountered in research labs.
* Army recruits women candidates for the Army Service Corps as Food scientists.
Candidates are required to have a post graduate degree in organic
chemistry/biochemistry of foods. Graduates in chemistry are enrolled for the
Army Ordinance Corps.
* Chemists and chemical engineers are employed in consultancy firms to provide
specialist guidance in areas related to their research specialty.
* Chemistry researchers work in museums in art conservation and restoration,
carbon-dating and in analysing the genuineness of artifacts through chemical
procedures.
* Forensic chemists work in forensic laboratories for crime detection.
*Toxicologists are chemists studying the harmful influence of chemicals on
biological systems. They find work in research organisations and University
departments.
* Many chemists find opportunities in University departments in teaching and
research jobs.
Money & Other Benefits
For starters, the pay check may
vary from anything between Rs 4,500 - 10,000 a month.
MNCs offer good pay-checks, ranging between Rs 20, 000 to nearly Rs 50,000 a
month for people with brilliant academics, teamed with a good track record on
the job.
Freelancing is another way of earning the big bucks. Usually, small scale
Indian companies approach you with projects for which you have to come up with
viable solutions not only on paper but practically as well. But for getting
freelancing jobs, you need to have good industrial experience.
Chemists, employed by colleges and universities as lecturers, begin at Rs
12,000 a month.
As a consultant you could easily
earn Rs 1,00,000 upward from the commencement of your project till the day it
is actually realised.
Career Prospects
Research and development is one of
the most sought after and prospective career avenue for a chemist. It could be
in any of the several industries like textiles, food industry, pharmaceutical,
fertiliser, paint or cosmetic industry. In near future, most of the career
opportunities will come from Pharmaceutical and Bioprocess industry like Food
industry.
Chemists will also find increasing opportunities in diverse fields like
Biotechnology, Leather processing, Sugar technology, Plastic engineering, Pulp
and paper technology, Oceanography and other related fields.
With the manufacture and use of almost 50,000 different chemical substances,
chemical scientists have a challenging future.
Nuclear Physicist
Would you like to be involved in making India's atom
bombs? Or how about creating a power plant that does not need to be refueled
for 15 years? Or maybe you'd like to come up with a 100 per cent effective
treatment for cancer? As a nuclear physicist you can do these and much more.
Nuclear physicists study the
smallest particles known to man - atoms and their component sub atomic
particles. You will be carrying out research to find out more about them. This
could mean small laboratory experiments or colliding single atoms in giant
accelerators tens of miles in diameter. If you think you are going to be cooped
in a small lab, think again. Your work may even take you on orbiting space
stations to study effects of lack of gravity on atoms.
This is just the pure research
aspect of nuclear physicists. There is also a practical side to them. You will
be involved in the development of nuclear reactors. Here it will be your
theories and calculations that will be put to test by the engineers and other
technicians. You will coordinate and supervise the construction of the
reactors. From time to time you will be required to develop new equipment and
processes to make the nuclear power plant more effective and safer.
In a nuclear research facility you
could be involved in numerous projects. You could for instance be responsible
for upgrading the radioactive material to weapons grade levels so that it can
be made into a nuclear bomb. You could be testing out new isotopes (basic
elements whose nuclei have been modified) to see whether they are effective
against a particular form of cancer.
Then there are the other
applications of nuclear processes like carbon dating, nuclear irradiation etc.
You will be making a lot of use of Mathematics as well as computers. Most of
the times the environment you will be working will be potentially hazardous.
Safety becomes a very immediate concern and most often than not you will be
wearing protective clothing and using robots and other mechanical devices to
get the risky jobs done.
Requirements
Good research, problem-solving and
mathematical skills
Good written and oral communication skills
Sound knowledge of computers
A love for study and experimentation
Above average abstract reasoning skill
Nuclear physicists should have some
technical ability, because often they must build and adapt their own equipment.
Good planning and organisational skills are just as important as is an eye for
detail. You must be self-motivated, accurate, patient and dedicated, as you may
need to spend long hours observing the results of experiments. You also need to
be creative and imaginative.
For entry into this field, you will
require a BE/BTech/ME/MTech in any of the following subjects:
Mechanical, Chemical, civil, metallurgy, electrical, computers,
instrumentation, engineering physics.
Alternatively, you could also go in for MSc in physics, chemistry, applied
physics, medical physics, biomedical science, environmental science or
radiation.s
Even professional with MBBS degrees can enter this field.
Job Opportunities
As a nuclear physicist, you will be
employed in:
Government research organisations
such as the BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre), Indira Gandhi Centre for
Atomic Research, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, and other research centres
under Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India.
Defence Research organisations like
DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation)
Colleges and universities
Nuclear medicine departments of
hospitals, medical research organisations and pharmaceutical companies
Nuclear power companies like
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. and organisations involved in nuclear
fuel and raw materials like Uranium Corporation of India Ltd., Heavy Water
Board and Indian Rare Earths Limited.
Money & Other Benefits
Government jobs pay you in the
range of Rs 12,000 - 16,000. With experience and successful projects under your
belt it could reach up Rs 22,000 - 24,000. After your MSc, if you join in as a
teacher, you will be paid about Rs 12,000 - 14,000 a month. Jobs in private
firms are marginally higher but they usually equire some amount of work
experience.
Career Prospects
The outlook for nuclear physicists
looks average, and employment numbers are likely to remain stable over the next
two to three years. However, there are some good employment opportunities for
physics graduates abroad. NASA's famous Jet Propulsion Laboratory has a strong
liking for Indian Physicists and one of the major projects in progress is the
development of nuclear powered space vehicles. Most students who pursue
postgraduate studies in Nuclear physics abroad are usually absorbed by the
local industry and government agencies.
Physicist
Do you want to research to develop a
membrane that will produce pure oxygen which could be used eventually to
generate enough electricity to drive cars with much less pollution and cost? Or
may be develop chemical sensors that can detect chemicals in the air or water,
which will then serve as a warning system for poisonous or flammable gases.
Then you got to be a Physicist…
A branch of the physical sciences,
physics is the study of energy and the behaviour of single atoms and their
component pieces. Physicists consider themselves the most fundamental of
scientists, for they are the ones who examine the basic laws of nature. They
study what happens when atoms and subatomic particles break down and assemble,
how they react to collisions with each other.
Physicists use mathematics to
understand, explain and predict their theories and equations. They often apply
their theories to other fields like chemistry, biology, geophysics,
engineering, communication, transportation, electronics and health.
Physicists work by determining the
basic laws governing phenomena such as gravity, electromagnetism and nuclear
interactions that lead to discoveries and innovations that advance nuclear
energy, electronics, communications aerospace technology and medical
instrumentation.
Physicists also study the properties
and interactions of matter and energy in all their forms. Their interest may
range from understanding fundamental physics to developing new technologies in
applied physics. They test their observations against the present theories of
physics and new hypotheses.
Classical physics refers to the
science prevalent prior to the twentieth century. It begins right from the
inventions and discoveries of scientists like Galileo and Newton. The studies
are broadly classified under five headings, namely Mechanics, Heat and
Thermodynamics, Sound, Electricity and Magnetism and Light. Generally, although
a physicist should have a broad background of all the five areas of physics,
he/she specialises only in one of them.
Geophysicists combine the knowledge
of geology and physics. Geophysics is used in the study of meteorology,
hydrology, oceanography, seismology, radioactivity and magnetism
Biophysicists study living
organisms and life processes
Medical physicists play a vital
role in the designing and use of electronic equipments for use in the medical
sector
Astrophysicists design equipment
for astronomical study and also interpret the research findings of astronomers,
particularly in thermonuclear research related to space sciences
A physicist can be either an experimentalist
or a theoretician. Almost all have doctorates, which are essential for college
and university teaching and research, upper level research positions in
government and industry, and higher administrative positions. Those with
bachelor's degrees may work in applied research and development as research
assistants or in design, administration or engineering.
Specialised areas for physicists
are mechanics, atomic and molecular physics, heat, optics, acoustics,
electricity and magnetism, electronics, nuclear physics, physics of fluids,
solid state physics, or classical theoretical physics. Emerging areas of study
for physicists are cryogenics, crystallography, and plasma physics.
Research in physical sciences is
broad ranging and includes, for example, observations on how weather systems
develop, laser physics and the production of anti-tumour drugs from marine
organisms.
Requirements
Physicists must have a detailed
understanding of basic physics, such as classical mechanics (the branch of
mechanics based on Newton's laws of motion), quantum mechanics (theories
concerned with the properties and behaviours of particles), and thermodynamics
(the branch of physics concerned with the conversion of different forms of
energy).
Physicists must have good research,
problem-solving and mathematical skills. They need to have good written and
oral communication skills in order to describe complex ideas to a wide range of
people, including non-scientists. They should also have a good knowledge of
computers.
Physicists should have some
technical ability, because often they must build and adapt their own equipment.
Good planning and organisational skills are important, and an eye for detail is
essential.
Good mechanical knowledge and
ability is needed. You shouldn't be afraid to build things and find out how
they work. Physicists must be self-motivated, accurate and inquiring. They need
to be creative and imaginative when solving problems. They should also be
patient and dedicated, because it may take a long time to observe the results
of experiments.
To become a Physicist, you should
have at least a M.Sc. in Physics/Applied Physics/Astrophysics & Astronomy/
Biophysics/ Materials Science/ Medical Physics/Geophysics/ Atmospheric
Science/Oceanography/Geophysics/other related subject. You can also have an
Engineering degree in Engineering Physics or Materials Science. You will do
well if you have a doctorate degree.
Job Opportunities
Physicists are employed in a wide
range of fields from computing, patent law and in the financial field. They
work for colleges, universities and schools, research centres and hospitals.
They even travel to conferences overseas to present research papers.
Useful experience for physicists
includes work as a laboratory technician or engineering work.
To sum it up, Physicists work:
· In industries, they conduct
research for improved methods and technologies
· In the communications industry, physicists work in sectors such as
television, telephone and radio
· In the petroleum industry, they are engaged in laboratory work for finding
improved methods of processing crude oil
· In the aerospace industry, physicists work on technological innovations
· Physicists work with mathematical and statistical scientists and with
engineers
Money & Other Benefits
After your MSc, if you join
teaching, you will be paid about Rs 12,000 - 14,000 a month to begin with. If
you join a university department as a research fellow, then you will get about
Rs 6,000 a month. In other jobs, you are paid in the range of Rs 5,000 - 7,000
per month in the beginning.
Career Prospects
The outlook for physicists looks
average, and employment numbers are likely to remain stable over the next two
to three years. However, there are some good employment opportunities for
physics graduates with Master's level qualifications, especially in research
and development, product design and manufacturing.
Most physicists work in research
and development in small or medium-sized laboratories. Many physicists are
employed by government-funded research centres or private research companies. A
small number also work in the area of information technology.
There is great scope in both
industry and in the defense fields. For those academically inclined, there is
plenty of scope for research and development. Elementary Particle Physics,
Nuclear Physics, Atomic Physics, Molecular Physics, Physics of Condensed
Matter, Optics, Acoustics, Plasma Physics and the Physics of fluids are some of
the super specialisations with research possibilities.
Technology is important in research
and development, and physicists are at the forefront of developing and using
new technologies.
Many physicists have been able to use their skills to
move into the information technology industry.